Evolution of the asexual queen succession system and its. The haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens. Pdf female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary. Insects free fulltext reproductive interference in an. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees apis. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous thrips. Cephalonomia tarsalis, an ectoparasitoid, and beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, are potential biological control agents for the sawtoothed grain beetle, oryzaephilus surinamensis. Thelytokous definition of thelytokous by merriamwebster. We present evidence for obligate thelytoky in the asexual fungusgardening ant, mycocepurus smithii, in which queens produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs, workers are sterile, and males appear to be completely absent. Natural selection drives the evolution of ant life cycles. In the study of eusocial hymenoptera, researchers started with the question of whether. We argue that this is because species in which both queens and workers are thelytokous that are unlikely to persist over evolutionary time. Formicidae by christian rabeling, jose linoneto, simone c.
New species and records of nearctic mutillid wasps of the genus. The cytological mechanism underlying thelytoky in cape honey bees is automixis with central fusion 112, which leads to gradual loss of heterozygosity, especially at loci distant from centromeres 3, 84. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera antwiki. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous. It is most common in the ants where it has evolved at least four times independently and is present in at least 14 species. Effective population size in eusocial hymenoptera with. The cuticular hydrocarbons profiles in the colonial. Within the hymenoptera, the limits of distribution of parthenogenesis inducing wolbachia have not. Nov 29, 2019 a unique reproductive system named aqs was first identified in r. Feb 01, 20 read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Thelotokous parthenogenesis has been known to occur in the eusocial hymenoptera for many decades. To assess the effect of male production by workers on the effective population size ne, a general expression of ne in hymenoptera with workerproduced males is derived on the basis of the genetic drift in the frequency of a neutral allele. The genetic origin of advanced social organization has long been one of the outstanding problems of evolutionary biology. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens and not workers produce diploid offspring via. White 1973 suggests that the capacity for artificial parthenogenesis, induced thelytoky, or facultative thelytoky indicates that some capacity for parthenogenesis is probably present in all eggs. Eusocial insects provide special opportunities to elucidate the evolution of ageing as queens have apparently evaded costs of reproduction and reversed the fecunditylongevity tradeoff generally observed in nonsocial organisms. In the eusocial hymenoptera, few reports exist on courtship behaviours between pairs of subspecies or species, partially because such research topics lie outside the focus of mainstream studies. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant.
Comparative analysis of worker reproduction and policing in eusocial hymenoptera supports relatedness theory. Asexual reproduction via thelytokous parthenogenesis is widespread in the hymenoptera, but its genetic underpinnings have been described only. Alternative splicing of a single transcription factor. We used microsatellite markers to quantify theltyoky in virgin a. Over 150,000 living species of hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Joint evolution of asexuality and queen number in an ant. We provide evidence of the causal forces of natural selection. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited bacteria such.
In the honey bee, apis mellifera, thelytoky is unknown from mated queens, but can occur in virgin queens that have been induced to lay. One major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is its promotion of genetic variation, although it reduces the genetic contribution to offspring. Eusociality from greek eu good and social, the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics. Here we present an analysis of the major steps in ant evolution, based for the first time, to our knowledge, on combined recent advances in paleontology, phylogeny, and the study of contemporary life histories. Two distinct asexual lineages from multiqueen colonies likely originated from the same sexual singlequeen population. Summary laying workers of apis mellifera capensis escholtzproducing impatemate offspring are normal diploids with 2n 32 chromosomes. Effective population size in eusocial hymenoptera with worker. Apr 17, 2008 in thelytokous parthenogenesis by cape workers the central rather than the terminal or random pronuclei fuse to produce the restored diploid nucleus, as if one of the central maternal pronuclei takes the place of a sperm pronucleus. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera, annual. Thelytoky, the parthenogenetic development of females, has independently evolved in several insect orders yet the study of its mechanisms has so far mostly focussed on haplodiploid hymenoptera, while alternative mechanisms of thelytoky such as polyploidy are far less understood. Here we report one such instance of asexual reproduction in the ants.
Aug 21, 2014 mycocepurus castrator is a social parasite of the fungusgrowing ant m. The phenomenon of thelytoky, the asexual production of diploid female offspring, is being increasingly uncovered among the eusocial hymenoptera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is rare among animals and reported in about 1,500 species, about 1 in of described animal species, according to a 1984 study. The evolution of this worker sterility has been plausibly explained by kin selection theory hamilton w 1964 j theor biol 7. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in unmated queen honeybees. The hymenoptera is the only order besides the isoptera termites to have evolved complex social systems with division of labor. Several hymenopteran species have been tested for wolbachia infections, but wolbachia could never be demonstrated to induce parthenogenesis in any thelytokous eusocial hymenoptera species 28. Multiple mating and supercoloniality in cataglyphis desert. Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the production of females from unfertilized eggs. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, male clonality and genetic caste. In the large chalcidoidea superfamily, thelytokous parthenogenesis is almost.
Apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis, uncommon in the haplodiploid order hymenoptera article pdf available in bulletin of entomological research 1043. In eusocial insects the production of daughters is generally restricted to mated queens, and unmated workers are functionally sterile. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. Summary laying workers of apis mellifera capensis escholtzproducing impatemate offspring are normal diploids with 2n. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited. So far, thelytoky has been convincingly demonstrated in the cape honeybee, apis mellifera capensis 1921, and for seven.
Pdf thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. The origins of eusociality in hymenoptera the insects. Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening ant mycocepurus smithii hymenoptera. Response of the wasp cephalonomia tarsalis hymenoptera.
The main goal of this study was to test whether endosymbiotic bacteria, either those known to induce thelytokous parthenogenesis or other sex. Jan 14, 2015 asexual reproduction via thelytokous parthenogenesis is widespread in the hymenoptera, but its genetic underpinnings have been described only twice. Female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary. Pdf apomictic parthenogenesis in a parasitoid wasp. During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a haploid. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungusgardening. Ent 425 general entomology resource library compendium.
Natural selection drives the evolution of ant life cycles pnas. The evolutionary genetics of thelytokous parthenogenesis. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide a comprehensive overview. Oct 01, 2018 the haplodiploid system of sex determination of hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky clonal offspring of the mother. Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the. Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two. Especially in ants, thelytoky underlies a variety of idiosyncratic life histories with unique evolutionary and ecological consequences. According to estimates derived from the proposed phylogeny of the hymenoptera, eusociality has arisen independently in wasps, bees, and ants fig. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, male clonality and genetic. But how reproduction affects longevity in eusocial insects has rarely been tested experimentally. We found a new type of spontaneous apomixis in the hymenoptera, completely lacking meiosis and the expulsion of polar bodies in egg maturation division, on the thelytokous strain of a parasitoid wasp meteorus pulchricornis wesmael braconidae, euphorinae on pest lepidopteran larvae spodoptera litura fabricius noctuidae. Wasps exhibited little avoidance behavior toward the fungus. It is more common in invertebrates, like arthropods, but it can.
Sep 02, 2014 the genetic origin of advanced social organization has long been one of the outstanding problems of evolutionary biology. Hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c. The frequency of thelytokous parthenogenesis in europeanderived. Only more recently has it become clear that many eusocial species also regularly reproduce thelytokously, and here we provide. Both the host and its parasitoid reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis. Dec 21, 2017 thelytokous parthenogenesis is the production of females from unfertilized eggs. Inbreeding should preadapt a population to parthenogenetic modes that promote rapid. Although several factors can selectively favor worker policing, genetic relatedness is considered to be of special importance. Hymenoptera wikimili, the free encyclopedia wikimili, the free encyclopedia. Thelytokous parthenogenesis is the asexual production of female progeny. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera annual. Thelytokous species or thelytokous populations of bisexual species have been found in the diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, orthoptera, and coleoptera. Then, neotenic queens are replaced by subsequent cohorts of asexually. Herbivory is common among the primitive hymenoptera suborder symphyta, in the gall wasps cynipidae, and in some of the ants and bees.
In many eusocial hymenoptera, a proportion of males are produced by workers. Thelytoky is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. The absence of the meiotic process was consistent with a nonsegregation pattern in the offspring of heterozygous females, and no positive evidence was obtained for. Thelytokous parthenogenesis, the production of diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs, has been observed in a small number of eusocial hymenopteran species. To assess the effect of male production by workers on the effective population size n e, a general expression of n e in hymenoptera with workerproduced males is derived on the basis of the genetic drift in the frequency of a neutral allele. Comparisons of life histories between living species with different degrees of social behavior. We examined the possibility that queens use thelytokous parthenogenesis for the production of new queens by comparing the mean observed heterozygosity h o between queens and workers. Jan 23, 2020 the hymenoptera is the only order besides the isoptera termites to have evolved complex social systems with division of labor.
During normal reproduction in hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newlylaid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a. Insects free fulltext diversity of termite breeding. Where thelytoky is common in a eusocial hymenopteran population, it can give rise to unusual forms of social structures, including loss of the. Comparative analysis of worker reproduction and policing. No examples of endobacteriuminduced thelytoky are known for the eusocial hymenoptera, whereas endobacteriuminduced thelytoky is widespread in the solitary hymenoptera. Female parthenogenesis, or thelytoky, is particularly common in solitary hymenoptera. Thelytoky from the greek thelys female and tokos birth is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids. Author information1museum of comparative zoology labs, harvard university, cambridge, massachusetts 028, usa. Genomic imprinting and evolution of insect societies. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling and kronauer 2 of the host colony 2, 5, 52, 57.
Although some populations have a classical haplodiploid reproduction system, in other populations queens are produced by thelytokous parthenogenesis, males are produced by a male clonality system. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens and not workers produce diploid offspring via thelytoky. Images obtained on multiple focal planes were stacked with the free. A range of finding have emerged in the last decade, such as. Inheritance of thelytoky in the honey bee apis mellifera. Jul 12, 2017 eusocial insects provide special opportunities to elucidate the evolution of ageing as queens have apparently evaded costs of reproduction and reversed the fecunditylongevity tradeoff generally observed in nonsocial organisms. Mycocepurus castrator is a social parasite of the fungusgrowing ant m. In contrast to eusocial hymenoptera, thelytoky in termites, such as.
You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the merriam. Viable triploid honey bees apis mellifera capensis are. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera. Thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera thelytokous parthenogenesis in eusocial hymenoptera rabeling, christian. Performance of arrhenotokous and thelytokous thrips tabaci. Several experiments were conducted to determine whether the two beneficial organisms are compatible. In particular, to our knowledge only a few reports have described ri in eusocial insects 10,11,12. In many bees, wasps, and ants, workers police each other in order to prevent individual workers from selfishly producing their own male offspring. Read hybridogenesis through thelytokous parthenogenesis in two c ataglyphis desert ants, molecular ecology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Comparative analysis of worker reproduction and policing in. In basal primitively eusocial wasps, the role of cuticular hydrocarbons in the colonial recognition has been extensively studied in genus polistes polistinae and stenogastrinae.
In thelytokous parthenogenesis by cape workers the central rather than the terminal or random pronuclei fuse to produce the restored diploid nucleus, as if one of the central maternal pronuclei takes the place of a sperm pronucleus. Although the genus mischocyttarus polistinae is a large group of neotropical eusocial wasps, the cuticular hydrocarbons were only investigated in a few species. The frequency of thelytokous parthenogenesis in european. Workers can reproduce by both arrhenotokous and thelytokous parthenogenesis.
252 1149 128 1086 213 1582 1385 1037 204 796 256 949 516 182 839 1437 1570 421 1367 7 539 1178 170 687 805 1456 1408 1494 1470 370 1424 1154 1119 1566 56 1594 450 1319 571 449 22 519 572 1134 249 1193 359 1369 928 1033